Nutrition Body Mass Index Essay - 2657 Words

The purpose of a nutritional assessment is to analyze what one has been consuming, as well as the dietary nutrients contained in the food. For the past seven days, I have kept a dietary record documenting the different foods, drinks and medications that I have consumed. In this paper I will discuss body mass index or BMI, the analyzation of the foods consumed, the reason behind the quantity of the foods eaten, the strengths and weaknesses in my food intake, my physical and emotional feelings, medical conditions, cultural influence, diet plan, and goals along with implementation strategies to reach the goal. Body mass index refers to â€Å"†¦ a person’s weight in relation to height used to estimate relative risk of health problems related to weight† (Dudek, 2014, page 7). To calculate BMI, you divide weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (Dudek, 2014, page 7). With my height of 5 feet 9 inches and a weight of 196 pounds, my BMI is 29. According to Dudek, my BMI classifies myself as overweight, which is a BMI of 25-29.9 (Dudek, 2014, page 7). Another technique of determining optimum weight is with the Hamwi method. The idea behind this approach is that a woman who is 5 feet tall should weigh about 100 pounds, and a that a man who is 5 feet tall should weigh about 106 pounds. Every inch above 5 feet you would add 6 pounds to the Hamwi standard of a man. By doing so, the â€Å"ideal† weight I should be at is 160 pounds. In correlation with my current weight of 196 pounds, IShow MoreRelatedTo Assess Your Own Body Weight and Develop a Diet624 Words   |  3 PagesYour Own Body Weight and Develop a Diet and Exercise Program iLAB Anthony D’Agostino DeVry University Health Wellness and Nutrition What is Body Mass Index? By definition, Body Mass Index is a measurement representing the ratio of a person’s body weight to his or her height. The BMI describes the body weight relative to height, and it correlates strongly (in adults) with the total body fat content. A body mass index of less than 20 is considered to be underweight, while a body mass indexRead MoreBenefits Of A Healthy Lifestyle901 Words   |  4 Pageslifestyle such as, longevity and mood improvement. Metabolic Measurement: BMI For people to improve their overall health, they must understand where they are at in terms of health. The body mass index is a great indicator to help determine the risk factor among individuals. The body mass index determines how much body fat a person has by dividing the weight in kilograms and height in meters to see the certain level of risk he or she is in. People who have a BMI score under 18.5 or consider underweightRead MoreIncreasing Students Knowledge On Nutrition And Physical Activity931 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigate the level of success of an implemented after-school health promotion program in diverse low-income elementary schools that were in Los Angeles County (LAC). The study focused on increasing students’ knowledge on nutrition and physical activity by providing valuable nutrition education and physical activity opportunities. The study involved eight schools (four for intervention and four for comparison), with a total of 121 volunteer kindergartener students in grades 3-5. All eightRead MoreEssay on Childhood Obesity1599 Words   |  7 Pagesand Childhood Obesity among Mothers of Lower Socioeconomic Status† is a study that was conducted by Alison Kalinowski, Kylene Krause, Carla Berdejo, Kristina Harrell, Katherine Rosenblum, and Julie Lumeng. The study was published in the Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. The focus of the study was to examine beliefs about the role of parenting in feeding and childhood obesity among mothers of lower socioeconomic status. According to the study Children of lower socioeconomic status (SES) in theRead MoreObesity During The Us Military1079 Words   |  5 Pagesare being excluded for being overweight (nber.org, 2010). Today each armed service has standards for recruiting based on weight-for-height limits and maximum percent body fat. Weight-for-h eight is calculated in pounds for a given height in inches and then converted to Body Mass Index (BMI) using a reference chart. Body mass index is easy to calculate, and a quick way to monitor fitness and it has been the recommended screening tool for overweight and obesity in large populations. The Center forRead MoreObesity Essay796 Words   |  4 Pagesonset menarche (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.25 (Mueller et al, 2015). 370 girls, ages 10-16 years old were the subjects of a study in Iran by Farahmand et al (2012). The aim of this study was to prove the association of body mass index and lipoproteins profile with age of menarche. The criteria for the subjects includes start of menarche six months before the study. BMI, circumference of hip and waist, height, weight and lipid profiles were data collected by the group. The studyRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Sugar Sweetened Beverages1967 Words   |  8 PagesKeller, H. H., Knee, C. A., Lee, R. A., Simpson, J. R. (2009). Evaluation of Fruit Juice Intake and Body Mass Index Within a Sample of Ontario Preschoolers. ICAN: Infant, Child, Adolescent Nutrition , 1 (3), 170-175. The study objectives were to: describe the intake of 100% fruit juice among Ontario preschoolers, investigate the relationship between consumption of 100% fruit juices, body mass index, parental and family characteristics; provide the consumption data on a Canadian population (BrunelleRead MoreAnthropometry Technique And Physiological Changes848 Words   |  4 Pagesquantifying body compositions. According to Jellife (1966), â€Å"Anthropometry is the measurement of the variations of physical dimensions and composition of the human body at different age levels†. Anthropometry can be used to assess the nutritional status of the individual within a population by determining physiological factors whether an individual is well nourished or undernourished. Anthropometric technique can be identified as a direct method and developed measurements of body weight, heightRead MoreEating Habits and Obesity of Filipino3148 Words   |  13 Pagesâ€Å"The Relationship of Snacking Patterns and Body Mass Index among PT students from 3rd year to 4th year of DLS-HSI† GROUP 12 Members: Aquino, Riva Casanova, Jayson Gautani, John Rudolf Mercado, April Peji, Shiela Adviser: Dr. Elizabeth Rey-Matias TITLE: â€Å"THE RELATIONSHIP OF SNACKING PATTERNS AND BODY MASS INDEX AMONG 3rd YEAR TO 4th YEAR PT STUDENTS OF DLS-HSI† CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity is still high in developed and developing countries. Presently worldwide, it isRead MoreEssay on Calorie Consumption and an Exercise Plan1574 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Calorie According to Ayoob( 2009), a calorie can be defined as a unit of heat energy that human body use as energy to produce heat. This energy fuels human body for strength in daily activity. In scientific term, there are two types of calories which small calorie and large calorie (Nordqvist, 2013). A small calorie(symbol:cal) - 1cal is the amount of energy to required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celcius. A large calorie(symbol:Cal

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Gun Control Laws Should Not Be Banned - 1361 Words

In our society, firearms have been in use for numerous occasions. There has been an increase in the usage of firearms. It has gotten out of hand today, and gun control laws are so lenient that firearms are constantly being abused. The abuse of firearms have occurred in a very significant amount of states. The lost of lives people have felt with in their families have been brutal. Firearms are weapons that should not be in the arms of people who would do harmful things with it. Using a firearm is not entertainment and should not be played with in any form of action. People felt the need to purchase one or have one. The leading cause of this will result in a harmful situation. Action has not been brought up in having a stricter gun control due to the amount of killings taking place in the world. The rules and regulations have been misled and haven t been taken serious. Action must be taken upon this harmful substance to keep people’s lives safe. Firearms have been used by people at local stores, schools, and even at homes. These places were where people would go and hurt another person’s life which led to serious consequences. One life is gone based on one pull of a trigger. The gun control needs to be more strict because it is interfering with schools, the law, its endangerment use for protection, and the easy access of purchasing a firearm. These instruments of destruction are not only in the hands of adults, but are also in the hands of children. It has been shown thatShow MoreRelatedGun Control Laws Should Be Banned1023 Words   |  5 Pages The Rifle Itself Has No Moral Stature: No Need for More Gun Control Laws Jeff Cooper, the creator of the â€Å"modern technique† of handgun shooting, an expert on the use and history of small arms, once said, â€Å"The rifle itself has no moral stature, since it has no will of its own. Naturally, it may be used by evil men for evil purposes, but there are more good men than evil, and while the latter cannot be persuaded to the path of righteousness by propaganda, they can certainly be corrected by good menRead MoreShould Gun Control Laws Be Banned? Essay1877 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Gun violence,† is a word that has been in the media too frequently over the last several years across America. Not a new problem, it is a reoccurring problem on school and college campuses, in shopping malls, in workplaces and even in movie theaters.   Sadly, around 32,300 Americans are killed every year from firearm injuries in the 24-year period from 1980 to 2006, accounting for 6.6% of years of potential life lost prior to the age of 65† (Morabia, Alfredo).   Federal, state, and local governmentsRead MoreShould Gun Control Laws Be Banned? The United States Of America?1605 Words   |  7 Pagesstronger and more concrete gun laws, while allowing anyone with ideal safety to obtain guns Be it enacted by the 9th grade Senate of Wayzata High School Guns must not be banned in the United States of America, but it is imperative that stricter gun control laws are put into place. Currently, there are many flaws in gun safety that need to be amended rather than banning guns altogether. These reasons include situations where guns can be used effectively for home protection, guns are being sold to peopleRead MoreGun Control Laws Should Be Enforced1072 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial topics today is gun control. In the month of November, 2016, American citizens will vote for the issue of gun and ammunition control. Pro and anti-gun supporters have very different opinions on the issue of guns. According to news article Vice, over the past year, there have been 159 mass shootings in the U.S. It is now up to U.S citizens to decide whether gun laws should be enforced or not. A writer from USA Today, Robert Farago is opposed to gun control laws and on the other hand, authorRead MoreGuns Should Be Banned1092 Words   |  5 PagesThe argu ment of whether guns should be banned has become increasingly popular as more and more shootings occur. Since 2006 there have been thirty-two mass shootings in the United States alone. This is one of the biggest debates going on right now and there are many people who are willing to argue both sides of it. In Phoebe Maltz Bovys article Its Time to Ban Guns. Yes, All of Them.   she argues for gun control. Evan DePhillips and Devin Hughes also argues for gun control in their article 5 argumentsRead MoreGun Laws Should Not Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesto another public shooter, and another gun control debate comes spiraling from the after math as laws against guns try to be placed. Is this really the best way to deal with the issue? No. The issue is people are killing people not guns are killing people. Society wants to ban guns because people are afraid when in actuality guns themselves are not the things that need to be banned. Even then do you have any proof the gun laws ac tually lower crime? Gun laws also go directly against the 2nd AmendmentRead MoreGun Control Of The United States985 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 9 2015 Gun Control Did know that there are approximately 4.5 million firearms sold in the United States each year, and and estimated 2 million second hand firearms are sold each year? According to the IANSA (International Action Network on Small Arms of the United Nations), in the United States there are more than ten thousand gun homicides annually (IANSA). These statistics should shock every American. Gun control is the reason for these gross statistics. The strict laws on guns cases a lotRead MoreThe Moms Demand Action Organization970 Words   |  4 Pages Moms Demand Action ‘For gun sense in America’ The Moms Demand Action organization has recently made print advertisements to hopefully spark conversation and controversy among the audience to the group s standpoint on assault weapon laws in the United States. The Moms Demand Action organization is a group of mothers specifically targeting parents about spreading awareness of increasing gun violence involving children in the country. Though pro 2nd AmendmentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control853 Words   |  4 PagesGun control   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guns should be banned in public but allowed in your home for protection. Guns are not safe, and they never will be. People feel unsafe around guns and guns are not necessary. Working together guns could be eventually outlawed and not allowed in public. Too many incidents have occurred because guns were present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Guns are unsafe especially in public. The greatest evidence for this is the number of shootings that have occurred in public because the right to carry guns. In fact,Read MoreFire Arms: The Foundation of Our Country724 Words   |  3 Pages The United States has had a gun culture since the start of our country. Our country was founded around guns. We won the American Revolution with personal owned firearms, and they protected us while we explored the new land. They helped provide food in the early times of our country. They were necessary, and still are. Our founding fathers made sure that we, Americans, had the right to bear arms. Today some people want to take that right away, and they should not be allowed to. Firearms in present

Gang Involvement Membership, Violence, Crime And...

Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Gangs: Membership, Violence, Crime and Juvenile Delinquency By Dominique Dillon St. John’s University CRM 119 Dominique Dillon October 22nd 2014 Running head: GANGS: MEMBERSHIP, VIOLENCE/CRIME AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Annotated Bibliography Alleyne, Emma Wood, Jane L., (2011). Gang Involvement: Social and Environment Factors. Crime and Delinquency 60 (4) 547-568. Using the stereotypes of the American Culture, this study by Alleyne and Wood is based on Gang Involvement in a British setting. The study examines individual, social and environmental factors that can have an impact on gang-involved youths or non-gang involved youths. In order to find which factors play a role on involved/non-involved gang youth, the authors test for measure of individual delinquency, neighborhood gangs, parental management, commitment to school, and deviant peers. To help differentiate amongst the factors, the authors use a structural equation modeling, which provided the results in a statistical measure. Based off of the results, gang-involved youths were older than non-gang involved youths and that individual delinquency and neighborhood gangs predicted higher chances of gang involvement. The other factors of parental management, commitment to school and deviant peer pressure provided an indirect relationship to gang involvement. Coid, Jeremy et al. (2013). Gang Membership, Violence, andShow MoreRelatedJuveniles Are Committing Crime Everywhere Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesDescription of the Research Topic Juveniles are committing crime everywhere, but the nation is not aware of the behavior behind these acts of delinquency. No matter how much focus there is on juveniles partaking in crimes across the states, there is little understanding on why they turn to crime and what are the factors that come into play to lead them down this path. Many external factors such as, the environment they live in, family, school, peer groups, and individual self-being can bring themRead MoreContributing Factors to Juvenile Delinquency1620 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, according to Agnew and Brezina, is the violation of the law by a minor which is any persons under the age of 18 in most states. There are many contributing factors to juvenile delinquency such as domestic issues or stress at school, and there are also four different theories, strain, social learning, control, and labeling, to explain the different prospective of why it is thought that juveniles commence in delinquent behav ior. This particular discussion however, is going toRead MoreSummary : Youth Gang And Violence1615 Words   |  7 PagesIskuhi Kalantaryan Juvenile Delinquency Sunday, March 27, 2016 Analytic Essay Youth Gang and Violence Delinquent Behavior â€Å"Gang† â€Å"Youth Gang† and â€Å"Street Gang† are just labels used to describe young people consisting of three or more individuals organized to achieve a typical objective and who share a common identity. There is no single and universally accepted definition of gang, gang member and gang activities in the United States, howeverRead MoreGang Prevention and Juveniles1053 Words   |  5 PagesGangs are nothing new to American society, what is new and disturbing is the recent spike in juvenile crimes with reported ties to certain gangs. Youth gangs have been prevalent in schools in large cities since the 1970 s. However, they have become even more prevalent in schools in the recent past. In the student survey component of the 1995 National Crime Victimization Survey, more than one third (37%) of the students reported gangs at their schools and the percentage of students reporting theRead MoreLife Of A Gang : Youth853 Words   |  4 PagesLife in a Gang Youth are exposed to gang life at an early age, sometimes as early as 10 or 11 years old. Observing older and respected gang members can often lead to impressions among youth that lead them to believe gang life is the way to gain access to things such as status, money and prestige. Research states that older more established gang members will utilize youth to their advantage by having them steal for the gang, buy and sell drugs, carry weapons and commit other crimes in hopes to evadeRead MoreHigh Risk Youth : A Public Health Approach By Doctor Dawn Delfin Mcdaniels1368 Words   |  6 PagesUrban areas could be attributed to gang violence (McDaniels, 2012). One notable characteristic of gang membership in the United States, is that youth who join gangs are more likely to engage in assault, robbery, felony theft, and breaking and entering, than their non-gang peers (Hill, et al., 2001). The lack of proper parental supervision in communities with high risk factors such as high pover ty rates, is closely associated with delinquent behaviors in juveniles. It is therefore worthwhile to studyRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : A Serious Concern For Many Law Enforcement Agencies Essay2260 Words   |  10 Pages Youth gang members are a serious concern for many law enforcement agencies. Gangs can be defined as a group of individuals who meet on a routinely basis, whom have an identifiable and organized leadership, whom claim control of specific territories, and whom are often involved in violence or other illegal activities (Miller, 1975). Juveniles are the perfect targets to be recruited by gangs according to the National Gang Intelligence Center (2011). This is due to a variety of factors, many ofRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And Juvenile Delinquency1610 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile delinquency, also known as juvenile offending, is participation in illegal behavior by minors8. A juvenile delinquent in the United States is a person who is typically under the age of 17 and commits an act that otherwise would have been charged as a crime if they were an adult. Depending on the type and severity of the offense committed, it is possible for persons under 18 to be charged and tried as adults. Juvenile crimes can range from status offenses (such as underage smoking), toRead MoreWhy Youth May Join A Gang2637 Words   |  11 PagesWhy Youth May Join a Gang According to Barkan and Snowden (2008), the conditions that lead or induce a person to join a gang are: changes in the political system of a country; the rigidity or flexibility of the society (rigidity makes life stressful for people); a need to protect loved ones; and/or difficult life conditions, such as job loss, that result in high levels of frustration and threat. Street gangs join together for various reasons, such as to protect themselves from feared neighborhoodRead MoreEffective Tactics to Reduce Juvenile School Shootings Essay2779 Words   |  12 PagesWhen it comes to violent crimes, specifically murders and homicides, the American society tends to react in a sense that justice should be brought to the victim(s) by giving extensive punishment to the offender(s); this is assuming adults are the players of these specific violent crimes. However, if the tables are turned to juveniles, specifically involving schools, the reactions seem to change. Rather than feeling litt le empathy while depending on the justice system to carry out decisions expected

Richard manages to win Anne Essay Example For Students

Richard manages to win Anne Essay Over all Richard has his way with twisting words and toying with peoples emotion in order to get what he wants. In this case he was Anne and he changes her opinion of him to like him rather than to detest him. The first interaction that we see between Richard and Anne is when Richard enters the scene and tells the progression of the coffin to stop. At this point we then read how Anne feels towards Richard when she called him the devil and how a soul thou canst not have showing how at this point, she has no respect or feelings towards and considers him to be inhuman in her eyes. His first attempt at winning Anne over was when she said how wonderful when devils tell the truth! and he replies by saying how it is more wonderful when angles are so angry in an attempt to complement her and by asking her for a chance to explain himself and calling her divine perfection of a woman. She feels differently and calls him diffused infection of man. He then tries again to gain her good will when she asked if he killed the king and he accepts it, she sys how he (the king) was gentle, mild, and virtuous and he later goes onto say that the king should thank him for killing him as he was fitter for that place earth. This showing how he way trying to make her see things in a positive light rather than what it really was. She then goes onto say that he will go to hell but Richard says that that hell is not the only place and she asks him where else and his response is Your bedchamber. This showing how he is apply that she shares a bed with him but she thinks and fells differently and responds by saying Ill rest beside the chamber where thou liest. This is like a curse from her onto him by her saying that may he have nightmares when he sleeps. Tactically he responds well by saying So will it, madam, tell I lie with you. This turns the tables around on her by him implying that his nights will not be right without her beside him. This shows a change in her approach towards him as now she is not calling him the devil and being soulless but rather cursing him. This shows how he is gradually having an affect on her and her image of him is not the same. He then goes onto say that the reason he killed the king was because her beauty was the cause of that effect implying that he did it to be with her and this is an attempt to try and win her over. His next attempt to win her over is when he says that the person who took away her husband did it to help thee to a better husband. To the reader it is clear that he is referring to himself at this instance but Anne goes on to ask who it is and he tells her that it is he. Her response was to spit on him, which causes the reader to think if he is really winning her over or not.

Should We Legalize Marijuana Argumentative Persua Essay Example For Students

Should We Legalize Marijuana? Argumentative Persua Essay sive Essays Should We Legalize Marijuana? In the perspective of Americas war on drugs, marijuana is one of the biggest enemies. And since alcohol and tobacco, two life threatening substances, are legal it is a relevant question to ask why marijuana is illegal. The taxpayers of America can partly answer this question when they fill out their tax forms and when they hear the hash rhetoric used against marijuana by the government. The fact that marijuana is illegal is sufficiently caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. In other words, the government cannot turn back now. In order to demonstrate this cause, the difference between illegal and legal substances (specifically alcohol and marijuana) must be abolished. Alcohol, as we all know, was once illegal. The reason that it was illegal was because the ill effects of alcohol led many people to fight for the prohibition cause. Some of these ill effects are direct and some alter the behavior and motor skills of the drinker, helping them do things they would not usually do. More often than not, the direct effects result from heavy drinking, like depression is frequently diagnosed in alcoholics (Rittenhouse 140). But just getting drunk can do serious harm. Accidental trauma forms the major cause of brain damage from alcohol (140) would indicate alcohol as a threat to human health. Marijuana on the other hand seems a little out of place in its classification as illegal. The source previously cited notes that, Although it is classified as a Schedule I drug for regulatory purposes, it is clearly different pharmacologically from the opiate analgesics (Rittenhouse 151). Also, recently a heated debate has arisen on the medicinal value of marijuana. Whether there is a definite use for marijuana is unclear, but there is surely no such debate concerning alcohol. So once again I posture the question why is marijuana illegal if it is not more dangerous than substances that are legal? The American governments investment in the war on drugs spans the spectrum of governmental offices. But the main recipient of funds from the budget is the Drug Enforcement Agency, located in the Department of Justice. Before I start quoting budget allocations, I would like to ask the reader to make a small assumption. The budget does not make distinctions between fighting marijuana and fighting cocaine, heroine, etc. So I would ask that the reader assume marijuana accounts for five percent of the budgets drug prevention allocations. This is probably much smaller than the actual percentage, but there is no way (as far as I can tell) of knowing for sure, and I do not want to overstep my bounds. So, keeping the above in mind, the projected 1998 budget allows for 15. 997 billion dollars for what it calls Federal Drug Control Funding (Budget 331). The aforementioned Drug Enforcement Agency, better known as the DEA, was projected to receive 1.146 billion dollars. Also, 281 million dollars was projected to be spent on federal prisons for the housing of drug offenders. If marijuana was to be legalized these amounts would be reduced and taxpayers would gain, but the government would lose that very same money. Besides the money that would be lost, many people would have to find another job. The projected 1998 budget allocated 753 million dollars to salaries and expenses for the DEA alone (Budget 467). This is more than half of what the DEA receives from the government, meaning that jobs and the funds that the jobs need would take a serious hit from marijuana legalization. .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 , .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .postImageUrl , .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 , .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:hover , .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:visited , .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:active { border:0!important; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:active , .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948 .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u022b694b5cd34e9e7e71260e50c0c948:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: echnology vs. Humanity EssayA more intangible investment that the government makes in the war on drugs is its pride. The government makes a concerted effort to inform the American public that marijuana is bad for the taxpayers. The budget allocated 620 million dollars for what it calls Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities (Budget 331). This most probably involves education for the schools and communities on the adverse effects of marijuana. Ex-DEA agent Michael Levine comments that, As I write this, President Bush and the drug czar are playing the media for all its worth to convince us of the effectiveness of the drug .

UBER â€Market Analysis in Australia-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Market Analysis of Uber. Answer: Introduction The analysis of SWOT and macro- environmental factors is important for an organization. For instance, the SWOT analysis of the report helped to understand the internal strength, weakness and external opportunities and threats. The segmentation of market is analyzed for Uber using segmentation variables. Two segments are chosen- the market segment for transportation and that for food-delivery. The attractiveness of each segment is analyzed and a positioning map is drawn for the target segment. Macro Environmental Factors Macro Environmental Factors Political factors-The political environment of Australia is stable which is an opportunity for Uber. The government introduces tax policies for protection of the economy and can introduce laws related to protection of environment (Hollensen 2015). Economic Environment- Australia is a large capitalist economy with a dominance of service sector which is an opportunity for Uber. The Uber service is not completely regulated in all states of Australia (Bond 2014). Socio-Cultural Environment- the Australians are technologically aware and have high disposable income which is an opportunity for Uber, however the preference of Australians towards local brand can act as a threat (Wallsten 2015). Technological factors- Australia focuses on technology and innovation, R D and new technology like electric cars can be an opportunity for Uber; however disruptive technology like Google car can act as a threat (Keller and Kotler 2016). SWOT Strength The operational cost of Uber is low(Chen and Sheldon 2016) The standard of service for Uber is high; drivers and cars are verified (Bresler and Lubbe 2014). Uber has a brand name recognized worldwide Uber has a good customer base in Australia Weakness The loyalty factor between Uber and driver is low The service idea of Uber can be imitated by competitors (Cusumano 2015). The customer base of Uber does not demonstrate loyalty, switching among customers is high (Rogers 2015). The privacy concerns of consumers are high Opportunities Uber can leverage new technologies like electric cars The Estimated Time of Arrival can be reduced with an increase in number of drivers for Uber Uber can introduce alternate medium of Transport like Uber Chopper The valuation of the company can attract more investors (Wallsten 2015). Threats New Technology like driverless Google cars is a threat for Uber Uber faces competitive rivalry Drivers of Uber are dissatisfied with profit margins which is low Fraud and scandals can tarnish brand name (Hollensen 2015). Consumer behavior Definition and importanc It is the study of how individual consumer, or groups and organizations satiate their needs and ways by selection, purchase, usage and disposal of goods and service. It is important for organizations to study consumer behavior to create better value for consumers (Hollensen 2015). The two market segments for Uber are the passengers that use the vehicles of Uber for transportation Another market segment for Uber is the people who use Uber Eats App for ordering food from their favorite restaurants. Audit i) Internal influences like inner psychological motive of consumers, experience from previous purchase and attitudes and core values are internal influences that affect consumers. ii) External influence like word-of-mouth from opinion leaders and recommendations of family affect consumers The decision making process for the buyers of these two segments can go through the following stages Need-Recognition or Awareness of Problem- The customers who avail Uber do so when they have a need to transport, the customers for UberEats first need to satiate hunger. Information Search- The customers can search for information about alternate medium of transport online and the information about different food delivery app can be accessed by consumers. Evaluation of Alternatives- After information search about rival companies offering similar products and service, consumers will choose the best alternative. The alternatives can be rated in terms of variables like price, quality and the best option is chosen by consumers. Purchase- Consumers take the purchase decision after evaluating the alternatives. Post-Purchase Evaluation- Consumers are satisfied or dissatisfied at this stage. They can rate the Apps of Uber and take the decision of loyalty or switch (Armstrong et al. 2015). Segmentation Process Definition and importance The segmentation process divides a homogeneous market into identifiable segments that demonstrate similar characteristics, needs and wants. The segmentation process is important because segments are measurable and accessible which facilitates in targeting and positioning (Keller and Kotler 2016) A table with two segments Market segment that uses Uber for transport Market segment that uses Uber for food delivery Demographics- Income level, technological education, family size can be used as demographic variables for this segment Demographics- Family size, ethnicity and age are demographic variables for this market segment Behavioral- Loyalty status and usage rate can be behavioral variables for this segment (Keller and Kotler 2016). Behavioral variables for this segment can be occasions and benefits sought. Geographic segments like rural-urban, division of segment by cities can be used for this segment. Geographic variables like area and location for customers can be used for this segment Psychographic variables like lifestyles can be used for this segment Psychographic variable like Interest can be used for this segment (Keller and Kotler 2016). An explanation of the table The two segments chosen in the above section are different and Uber can use different strategies for the segments For market segment that uses Uber for transport- This segment should be customers with disposable income and customers who are aware of technology. The loyalty status of these customers and their rate of usage should be checked by Uber. The lifestyle of these customers and their location, for instance, in which city of Australia they are located or whether they are rural or urban customers will be valuable information for Uber. For the market segment that uses Uber for food delivery- The family size, ethnicity and age of this segment should be considered because the choice of food and amount ordered depends on these factors. The occasions during which food is ordered and benefits sought should be taken into account. The location of consumers and psychological motive behind ordering food or interest should be considered for this segment (Keller and Kotler 2016). Target Markets Explanation for the choice of two target market Target market that uses Uber for transport- This target market is an attractive market segment for Uber because there are consumers who would prefer to rent a cab instead of their own car or public transport like bus or train. Uber can be used for transportation by school kids, college-goers or professionals. Target Market that uses Uber for food delivery -This target market is attractive because there is an increase of customers in Australia who prefer their favorite food to be delivered at doorstep (Keller and Kotler 2016) Strategies for each segment Uber should leverage this opportunity of transportation needs of consumers and adopt the strategy to provide easy and timely transportation for this segment. Uber can use the strategy to tie-up with local restaurants and hire food delivery person to deliver food timely to consumers who will order food by app. Diagram explanation Uber should provide food high in nutrition and good to taste which is evident from the positioning map which can be a competitive advantage for this segment (A table with two segments Market segment that uses Uber for transport Market segment that uses Uber for food delivery Demographics- Income level, technological education, family size can be used as demographic variables for this segment Demographics- Family size, ethnicity and age are demographic variables for this market segment Behavioral- Loyalty status and usage rate can be behavioral variables for this segment. Behavioral variables for this segment can be occasions and benefits sought. Geographic segments like rural-urban, division of segment by cities can be used for this segment. Geographic variables like area and location for customers can be used for this segment Psychographic variables like lifestyles can be used for this segment Psychographic variable like Interest can be used for this segment. An explanation of the table The two segments chosen in the above section are different and Uber can use different strategies for the segments For market segment that uses Uber for transport- This segment should be customers with disposable income and customers who are aware of technology. The loyalty status of these customers and their rate of usage should be checked by Uber. The lifestyle of these customers and their location, for instance, in which city of Australia they are located or whether they are rural or urban customers will be valuable information for Uber. For the market segment that uses Uber for food delivery- The family size, ethnicity and age of this segment should be considered because the choice of food and amount ordered depends on these factors. The occasions during which food is ordered and benefits sought should be taken into account. The location of consumers and psychological motive behind ordering food or interest should be considered for this segment (Keller and Kotler 2016). Uber should position itself as a transportation system that delivers service in a wide range of locations with limited choice, because consumers can only book certain variety of cars in Uber App. Uber has USP of network of drivers and App for this segment(Rogers 2015). Recommendations Uber should choose the market segment of transportation. This segment is preferred over the other segment because transportation is the core competency for Uber and the company has technological know-how in this field (Rogers 2015). Reference Lists Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015. Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Bond, A.T., 2014. An app for that: Local governments and the rise of the sharing economy.Notre Dame L. Rev. Online,90, p.77. Bresler, M. and Lubbe, I., 2014. Marketing management. Chen, M.K. and Sheldon, M., 2016, July. Dynamic Pricing in a Labor Market: Surge Pricing and Flexible Work on the Uber Platform. InEC(p. 455). Cusumano, M.A., 2015. How traditional firms must compete in the sharing economy.Communications of the ACM,58(1), pp.32-34. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Keller, K.L. and Kotler, P., 2016. Marketing management. Pearson. Rogers, B., 2015. The social costs of Uber.U. Chi. L. Rev. Dialogue,82, p.85. Wallsten, S., 2015. The competitive effects of the sharing economy: how is Uber changing taxis?.Technology Policy Institute,22

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front an Islamic Revivalist Essay Example

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front: an Islamic Revivalist Paper The Moro Islamic Liberation Front: An Islamic Revivalist By: Marjanie Salic Macasalong Introduction: The conflict in Mindanao did not come into being without any root. Like any other conflicts, the case of Mindanao is very much anchored to its history. As a matter of fact, majority of the Moros consider the current Christian-dominated government as a continuation of the colonial domination and exploitation by the foreign powers – Spain and America. Only the names and strategies varied but the effects and consequences to the Moros are very much the same. To some extent, it became even more systematic and subtle in carrying out the strategies and policies to ensure that the Moros would be pushed aside, if not completely eliminated. Books of different authors unanimously agree that Islam came to the Philippines long before Christianity. Although precise date is not available, some data show that Islam came as early as 10th century. Majul noted that â€Å"there is an evidence that Arab ships, or rather, ships captained by Arabs, had reached China from some islands in the Philippines during 10th century†. However, most writers recorded that Islam became only well established during 13th century. According to Chinese sources dating from the Yuan Dynasty (1280-1368), record of trade activities between China and Sulu were evident. Prior to the coming of Spain in the middle of 16th century, Islam was already established by Muslim traders who married local girls, buried there and expected to have left descendants. At around the same time, Muslims were already active participant in trade, not only in domestic one but also in international trading system. We will write a custom essay sample on The Moro Islamic Liberation Front: an Islamic Revivalist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Moro Islamic Liberation Front: an Islamic Revivalist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Moro Islamic Liberation Front: an Islamic Revivalist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dr. Muslim wrote that Mindanao and Sulu were â€Å"the epicenter of two trade routes, one was towards Java and the Moluccas; the other was towards China via Manila, with the Muslim’s fort in Mindoro in Luzon guaranteeing Muslim monopoly in domestic distribution. † Therefore, it is very clear that the Moro society was sovereign and independent not only from the northern parts of the present Philippines, but also from any other broader political units, as it was recognized even the colonial power that time – Spain, America, France, Britain, and others. The coming of Spaniards in the islands was dated on 1522 when the Portuguese-born explorer Ferdinand Magellan led a Spanish expedition and reached the so-called ‘Philippines’. Like any other colonial master, the motives behind Spain’s exploration were to spread Faith (Christianity) and to have an access into the field of the so-called ‘spice trade’. However, because Islam had already been established in Mindanao and Sulu region, clashes of the two were inevitable. America, also a colonial power and far more powerful than Spain, came into the picture with the pretext of spreading civilization although the main agenda was as the same as the Spaniards, as was evident through their policies, to exploit the economy. United States colonial domination began on December 10, 1898 when the Spain ceded the Philippine Islands to the America by the virtue of the Treaty of Paris. What became the main contention, however, was the inclusion of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan to the agreement where in fact the islands had never been under Spain’s control. The first battle of the Moros against the American forces was the Battle of Bayang in Lanao on May 2, 1902. In this battle, the whole strength of Bayang together the forces of the other neighboring communities fought against the American soldiers. Despite of this unity, out of 600 Moro fighters, around 400 died including the Sultan of Bayang and the Sultan of Pandapatan; while the other side, only 7 American soldiers were killed and 44 wounded in which three of them died eventually. These high casualties of the defenseless Moros with only bamboos and swords as their forts and weapons against the most sophisticated guns reinforced the general perception that invaders (American government) consider Moro as less human. Aside from this deliberate and conscienceless killing, the American government passed a series of Land Act in order to legalize the land grabbing. One of these was Public Land Act No. 926 of October 7, 1903. In this Act, it clearly stipulates that all lands within Philippine sovereignty were public domain and that the ownership was a ‘state-granted privilege’. This resulted to â€Å"all Moro ancestral landholdings, which had been passed down from generation to generation as pusaka (inherited property), were no longer valid. The government reserved to itself the power to issue titles to public land, possession of which became proof of ownership†. Now, because of this ‘legalized land-grabbing’, the people of Mindanao, appear to have no land and living to their own ancestral land as if ‘squatters’. Prior to 1912 the Moros owned most of the land in Mindanao and Sulu, in 1972 only 30 per cent had land in their name, and it was reduced to 17 per cent only prior to 1982. On the other hand, however, almost all titles granted under the Land Registration Act for 10 years were for large private holdings, numbering the major plantation to 159 (66 of them owned by Americans; 39 by dominated-Filipino Christians; 27 by Europeans and 27 by Chinese) that comprises more than 100 hectares. Even after the colonial era, the birth of the so-called the Philippines, the systematic and forceful land grabbing continued. In Datu Paglas Maguindanao, thousand hectares of Bangsamoro ancestral domain have been leased to a banana export supplier (La Frutera Inc. to a transnational corporation, United Fruit Corporation. In Lanao del Sur, more than two thousand hectares were evacuated for the Agus II hydroelectric project that also resulted to the ejection of more than 100 families. Furthermore, the use of the Lake Lanao to turn the turbine of the hydroelectric power plants caused radical fluctuation of the water level that eventually resulted to the extinction of several nati ve fishes and species, disrupted the irrigation of their rice paddies, and finally contaminated the water that makes the residents hesitant to use for ablution. This systematic and forceful way to displace the Muslims from their ancestral land was one of their strategies to uproot the Bangsamoro people from their base resulting to their impoverishment and deprivation of their natural and economic resources. The Spanish and American colonial policies did not stop when they left the country. Rather, all those atrocities and policies continued and even modified to worst after the independence of the Republic of the Philippines through the succeeding government. Jabidah Massacre was the first carnage that renewed the long ill-fated antagonism. This gruesome massacre that took place on March 17, 1968 was the most notorious incident that gave thrust to the Muslim Moros for the first time to take up arms and fight the neo-colonial and oppressive government. When the merciless killing 64 young Muslim recruits in the Philippine Army by their Christian superiors in the Island of Corregidor, uproars every where were heard, not just the Muslims in Mindanao but Muslims every part of the country including in the Capital. Muslim students and emonstrators in Manila held a week-long vigil in front of the Malacanang Palace, the president’s office, demanding justice for the victims. However, because the operation was a plan and coordinated from the high-ranking officials of the government, as it was evident during the testimony of the lone survivor, the demonstration and demand for justice were in vain. This again highlighted the general assumption that Muslims lives were regarded as nil. Ilonggo Land Grabbing Association or popularly known as ILAGA was the second triggering incidents in Mindanao and far more worst than the Jabidah massacre. If the Jabidah massacre radicalized the Moro leaders, this ILAGA radicalized the individual Moros. As the name indicates, ILAGA was a militant group that primarily concerned with grabbing land from the Muslims through force and killings. It was a militant group that enjoyed the support of the Christian capitalists, logging magnets and the military government. The said and proven atrocities of this savage group was killing the Muslims civilians, massacring the Muslim villages, loathing properties, burning houses, and even the house of worship (Masjid) became a target of arsons. Even more horrible, this group did not only kill the Muslims, rather they mutilate the dead body – carving out ears, slashing nipples, plucking out eyes, marking bodies with cross, etc. – thus making them as the most feared group to many Muslims. The atrocities of this group can be clearly manifested at the incident happened in Manili, North Cotabato on June 19, 1971 when 70 Muslims were massacred and seventeen others were wounded inside the Mosque. To have a clear picture of the massacre, it is worth quoting the narration of Dr. Muslim: While most of the male residents were out working in their farms, a group of about twenty armed ILAGA members entered the village and told the residents who were mostly old men, women, and children to gather at a small mosque for a peace conference. Once they were inside, a grenade was hurled at them, and the armed men began firing and hacking at them. Simultaneously, another group of armed men fired at the houses in the same village. In addition, the few Muslims who were brought to the nearby schoolhouse were also gunned down. Other more incidents took place somewhere else in Cotabato and even in the area of Lanao. In the Cotabato areas alone, some 358 Muslims were killed, some 56 Muslim houses were burned in Alamanda, some 25 houses in Carmen, some 25 houses in Kidapawan, and some 22 houses in Buldon were also burned. In the incident of Lanao, there were 30 Muslims killed and hundreds of Muslim houses were set ablaze after their properties were loathed. As an implication of these, the Moro leaders and politicians who were always seen as divided, became united in calling for independence of the Moros. Among the most outraged Moro leaders were Datu Udtog Matalam, the former governor of Cotabato province, who later on announced his MIM – Muslim Independence Movement in which later on renamed as the Mindanao Independence Movement to accommodate the non-Muslim residents in Mindanao; former Senator Ahmad Domocao Alonto of Lanao del Sur who organized the Ansar el Islam; Nur Misuari – a student leader and professor from University of the Philippines – who later on became the chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF); Salamat Hashim, a graduate and student leader from al-Azhar university and the then deputy chairman of Nur Misuar who broke away from the MNLF and later on founded his own Islamic movement – the MILF. In other words, this incident gave birth to various Moro independence movement and at the same time became the main pretext of Marcos regime to declare Martial Law, the pinnacle of all oppressions, that resulted to the killing of an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 civilians, mostly Muslims, the displacement of around 1 million Muslims and finally the migration of about 200,000 to 300,000 Muslim refugees to Sabah that until now, with the exception of few, have not returned to their different villages. Again, for the Moros, Martial Law was aimed primarily at disarming them to facilitate their conversion to Christianity and dispossession of their properties. MILF and Revivalism Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) started as a breakaway group from the then biggest and largest liberation movement in Mindanao. However, due to differences of, among others, ideology, Hashim broke away from the group and founded his own liberation movement. In March 1984, after due and exhaustive consultation, the Central Committee of the New-MNLF Leadership, officially declared itself a separate organization called the â€Å"Moro Islamic Liberation Front†, emphasizing Islam as the official ideology of the new organization which would guide all its affairs and activities. As Hashim declared publicly, â€Å"The ultimate aim of our Jihad is to make supreme the Word of Allah. † This means, as he elaborated, Muslims must subordinate every aspect of their worldly wishes and desires to the Word of Allah, in the matter of adopting political system, as well as legal, economic, educational and social system. In other words, making the Word of Allah supreme is the establishment of true Muslim community, the establishment of a genuine Islamic system of government and the application of a real Islamic way of life in all aspects of life. Therefore, it is quite impossible for Hashim to continue supporting Misuari most especially when the later aligned himself with the communists. Hashim was one of the hundred students who were granted to study at Al-Azhar University under the Pan-Islamic of Gamal Abdul Nasser. Spending ten years in Egypt, it is not impossible for him to be influenced by the renowned Muslim revivalists, most notably Hassan al Banna and Syed Qutb. As a matter of fact, he is known to be profoundly influenced by Qutb’s writing. Moreover, among Hashim’s contemporaries in Al-Azhar were Burhanuddin Rabbani and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, who later on became the leaders of Afghanistan’s anti-soviet mujahideen. As a founder of the Islamist movement, Hashim is considered by many as not only a revolutionary leader who wanted to liberate the Moros from the yoke of oppression, but also an Islamic revivalist who emphasized, and also manifested through his programs and policies, the importance of Islam as a way of life. For his supporters, Hashim was a reformer that can be compared to the popular reformers in the Muslim world like Omar bin Abdul Aziz, Imam Shafi’e, and Ibn Taimiyyah. Paramount to his vision, establishment of an Islamic government is one of the requirements in the perfection of the Muslim’s ibadah to Allah as Ibadah is not only limited to the basic tenets of Islam, the 5 pillars of Islam, but also includes the political affairs of man, his business transactions, social relations, education, culture and all other aspects of life. In other words, Islamic government makes sure that justice prevails and all forms of evils will be eradicated. MILF is not only a liberation movement that carries armed-struggle, but also most importantly committed to revive Islam as a whole in Mindanao. In realizing his vision, Hashim outlined four-point programs with the time frame of 50 years. These four points are: Islamization of all aspects of the Bangsamoro people; strengthening and improvement of the organizational and administrative capability; military build-up; and self-reliance. These four-point programs will be discussed in detail in the subsequent page s. Islamization This idea of Islamization is not directed to the Christians in Mindanao but primarily emphasized to the large Muslim populations who become more and more in numbers but only by name. Muslims in Mindanao, with due respect to others, are now in the trend of becoming more liberal who tend to follow the negative side of modernization and becoming more secular who want to separate religion from the state. Hashim wanted to revive this kind of situation and called on Philippine Muslims to follow Islam more faithfully and reform their lives, their homes and the society. He wanted them to strictly adhere to tawhid (monotheism) and put Allah in the center of their private and public lives. Moreover, he wanted the political leaders to ensure that Islam becomes the foundation basis of any political action or behavior. As Joseph Chinyong Liow detailed: Hashim proposed that it was through da’wah and jihad that the MILF Islamization agenda, which comprised of the transformation of every Muslim in MILF into ‘a true and real Muslim whose beliefs†¦and his entire life is in conformity with the teachings of Islam derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah’, of every MILF home into ‘real Islamic homes where the teachings of the Qur’an and Sunnah prevail’, and of community into ‘a true Islamic one governed by the Sharia’ would be realized. Hashim reiterated the needs of having uncorrupt and God-fearing leaders in order for the community to be Islamized. He wanted to reinstate the practice during the time of the Prophet (saw) where the affairs of the government and practice of the faith are inseparable. As he declared, â€Å"practicing Islam without governmental sanction is a truncated version of the faith and, therefore, un-Islamic. A government not founded on Islamic principles (Qur’an and Sunnah) is unquestionably un-Islamic†. That is why Hashim urged the Bangsamoro people not to limit their ibadah to the performance of the 5 pillars of Islam only. He enjoins to include and be involved in the political affairs and other aspects – social, cultural and economic life in the society. Thus, he asserted that active involvement and support to the Bangsamoro struggle is ibadah or service to Allah (swt). As part of the Islamization program, MILF introduced various activities in order to promote awareness and practice of the true Islamic teachings. These various activities, however, were initially introduced to the MILF members, commanders and elements alike, to serve as a model to the people. MILF camps, most notably the two biggest camps – Camp Abubakar and Camp Bushra – were the exemplary of the so-called Islamic way of life. Inside Camp Abubakar, observer would feel the difference from the outside community. Islam, to some considerable extent, is categorically practiced inside the Camp. As it is named after the first successor of the Prophet (saw), Camp Abubakar is the MILF center of power and authority, the symbol of belligerency status and of the Islamic rebellion they are waging. Unlike the MNLF that set up purely military camps, the MILF has built an entire community with religious, social, economic, and military structures, with schools, madrasah, mosques, sharia courts, and multi-purpose cooperatives. Among the most distinguishing Islamization program of the MILF is the foundation of Sharia Court inside the camp. Muslim scholars, Ulama, who had finished their studies in different Muslim world with the degree of Fiqh and Usul al Fiqh were given tasks to handle cases. Sharia lawyers were in-charged to look into the detail of every cases in which the people in the community submit to the MILF instead of going to the government-run courts. Under Philippine laws, the sharia court covers only domestic and family issues but the MILF disregards this and expands the court’s domain to criminal offenses and other offenses as it should be the case in Islam. Punishments were given based on the committed offences or crimes. Among the punishments were the 100 lashes for fornication between unmarried man and woman, hard labor for those who steal to pay their debts, imprisonment for recidivists, and even executions to murderers in which according to the MILF are all based from the injunctions of the Qur’an and Sunnah. The last reported execution in Camp Abubakar was in 1985, but the most recent one had taken place in one of the MILF controlled-area in 1997. MILF does not confine its ruling into crime-related matters only. In fact, it always makes sure that Islamic way of life should be practiced in every field of life. Business transactions inside the camp, for example, are regulated by the MILF to make sure that riba and other deceitful transaction will not take place. Smoking is completely prohibited within the premises of the camp. Women are not allowed to be in public not and unless they are dressed decently – clothes covering their private part and veil over their head. More importantly, male-female contact of not immediate relative is strictly prohibited. In case of unavoidable circumstances, like riding motorcycles going up to the muddy part of the Camp where general headquarter is located, women passengers pay children to sit between them and the male drivers. Camp Abubakar had always been referred by the locals as darussalam because of the fact that social justice and peace and order are felt inside the camp. While these series of punishments and executions obliged the locals to behave accordingly and to follow Islam in their way of life, MILF gained the credit of controlling the area due to the social justice it provides to the people. Drug and gambling operations were also part of the MILF Islamization program. As drug trafficking in the Philippines, most especially in Mindanao, became rampant and drug addiction in the Muslim society had reached a very alarming level, MILF issued a stern warning to all drug pushers and users to stop this satanic vice or else the MILF will be forced to extend the long arm of its Sharia justice system. Not long after the warning, MILF mobilized its own special team and conducted some operations, including in the cities where drug users and pushers, together with the gambling lord, were said to have been active and operational. As part of the remedy, and also inline within its Islamization program, MILF constructed its own rehabilitation center, both in Camp Abubakar and Camp Bushra, in order for the prisoners to have rehabilitation and orientation classes. There, the MILF takes the opportunity to do its Da’wah among the prisoners. It reminds them the fact that this world is just for temporary and that there is another one that comes which we will stay forever, thus, it is very important to adhere to the teachings, principles and philosophy of Islam. Furthermore, MILF educates the prisoners about the real and uncorrupted history of the Moros that Islam was the earliest religion established in the Islands, now called the Philippines, and the first political institution, civilization and culture in the area. Moreover, MILF brags about the historical facts that the Bangsamoro Muslims were independent people, having their own system of government and indigenous set of laws long before the rest of the inhabitants in the Philippines had a taste of systematized form of government and social life. This independence, however, was lost due to subsequent plots and machinations of foreign invaders and colonial powers such as the Spaniards and Americans supported by Filipino collaborators. Strengthening the Organization Unity is one of the basic requirements for any organization in order to achieve victory. As much to the other organizations, Islamic teachings affirm the needs of such unity as Islamic call is not an individual task, rather a collective duty and obligation. History attests that during the time of the Prophet (SAW), priority was given to the matter of strengthening his organization before attempting to take any combat action for he knew the futility of launching a fight by a disorganized group much less by an individual struggle. Emulating the Prophet (saw), Hashim wanted to have a strong organization, capable of enduring all hardships that might come up along the way. He maintained that organization must be founded on shura (consultation), justice and equality for â€Å"justice is the natural consequence of shura and equality is the natural consequence of justice. There will be no equality if there is no justice, and there will be no justice unless the affairs of men are conducted through consultation. † MILF is not a single ethnic-based organization. It is a mass-based organization that represents the whole Muslims in Mindanao from various ethnic groups. MILF has Central Committee, composed of different sectors, professionals, businessmen, politicians, and youths from different parts of Mindanao, that runs the day-to-day affairs of the organization. Hence, every ethnic group has a representative to the MILF Central Committee, demonstrating its claim of being a mass-based organization. The MILF is said to have maintained its mass base support from central Mindanao’s 1. 6 million Maguindanaons and 1. 9 million Maranaos from Lanao del sur, and Iranuns from north Cotabato and Basilan. On October 5-7, 1986, there was military consultative assembly that yielded the result of more than one million people from all over Mindanao and 75,574 armed components, including highlanders or Lumads with their bows and arrows. Additionally, on December 3-6, 1996, the Ulama-Professionals Executive Council (UPEC) called for the ‘1st Bangsamoro People’s Consultative Assembly and it was attended by 1,070,697 Bangsamoro coming from all walks of life all over the Bangsamoro homeland. Furthermore, in 2005 MILF general onsultation had managed to gather more than three million supporters, although the media disagreed and instead put into several hundred thousand. Even then, Joseph Liow emphasized that â€Å"this was more than the MNLF could ever muster, making the MILF by far the largest and most powerful resistance group operating in southern Philippines today. † Lastly, another proof of the MILF’s mass appeal can be observed in Taya’s remark: The Armed Forces of the Philippines faces serious difficulty in gathering information from the MILF controlled areas because most of the local population refuse to cooperate with them. The mass support enjoyed by MILF is largely due to its emphasis on Islamic symbols and substance of liberation movement. Aside from being a mass-based organization, and in order to avoid factionalism, MILF ensures the stability of the organization by dividing the key executive possessions to the two big ethnic groups: Magiundanaon and Maranao. While the chairmanship was given to Hashim, a Maguindanaon, one of the deputies was given to Aleem Mimbantas, also an al-Azhar graduate, who was in-charged of implementing the Qur’an in their own controlled area, gaining the title of ‘religious police’. Military Build-Up As the MILF attests that Islamization and strengthening the organization alone would not be enough to revive and implement Islam in the region, MILF focuses equal attention to its military capabilities, as it is the main mechanism for implementing whatever Islamization policies it wants and to repulse any aggression against Islam. Additionally, Hashim strictly adheres to the Islamic principles that when a Muslim community is persecuted, oppressed or denied liberty and freedom to perform its obligatory duties to Allah which include conducting Da’wah until the final goal is achieved, then armed struggle is permitted. MILF establishes its own military academy, the Abdulrahman Bedis Memorial Academy, where the new recruits have to undergo series of physical and spiritual training before joining the rank. For the physical training, the trainees have to master obstacle courses, marching drills and even to fire several weapons. On the other hand, series of lectures regarding Islam in general and jihad in particular are also provided to enhance the trainees’ understanding about Islam and jihad. As Benjie Midtimbang, one of the training directors, was quoted: We are not strict with educational background, only their loyalty to the faith, the cause, and their sincerity. We put more stress on Islamic spiritual training rather than on the physical and mental aspects. Fasting twice a week is optional for the trainees but hour-long midnight prayers are a must. As Hashim justified, spiritual or moral superiority is more important than physical or material strength because of the fact that the former does not depend on the availability of all factors that sustain the physical existence such as food, clothing, air and other material needs. Spiritual strength draws its energy and force from a source invulnerable to physical destruction. When an army is defeated militarily, it can still rebuild, reorganize and recoil into an even greater attack. But when an army is defeated morally and spiritually, all the material weapons at its command become useless pieces of hardware and it will be permanently subdued by the victor. Simply stated, military defeat is only temporary while moral defeat is final. Since the academy was set up in 1987, the organization claimed to have around 122,000 MILF supporters who went through basic training, and can be mobilized to back up the movement’s 10,000 to 15,000 armed regulars. To make the academy complete, the MILF has managed to have modest arms manufacturing center, which is kept from public view. A senior MILF official revealed in 1997, and was also attested by the Philippine government later on, that the group has a ‘small’ and ‘modest’ arms factory that could supply M79 grenade launders, pistols, improvised M14 automatic rifles copied from the US Garand rifle, mortars (60mm and 81mm) and even anti-tank weapons. In another sources, like Chalk, it reveals that MILF has huge arsenal of weapons that, aside from the normal AK47, M16, and M14 rifles, includes Russian made RPG-2 rocket propelled grenade launchers, mortars, machineguns and allegedly a US-made Stinger anti-aircraft missile. Self-Reliance As Hashim claims the MILF camps as separate from the Philippines, MILF is involved in security and socio-economic developments for its constituents. As far as financial matter is concern, MILF has not solely been dependent on the monetary help coming from the Arab World as was the MNLF case. According to the MILF vice-chairman for political affairs, Gazali Jaafar: We have not received funds from foreign countries with preconditions for military activity. We have been receiving contributions from people of the world, some people in Saudi Arabia and Middle East countries, but these moneys are given in sympathy for the Bangsamoro cause with no strings attached. Although some donations are coming from the Arab World, most notably Saudi Arabia, Libya and Iran, MILF tries some other ways to generate money in order to finance its own affairs. The most notable one are the collection of Zakah, Fitrah, Sadaqah, and most importantly is the remittances coming from the Muslim Filipino overseas workers who are members of the United Overseas Bangsamoro. Reports reveal that MILF collects one million pesos monthly from about 27,000 Muslim overseas contract workers in the Middle East and receives about 1. 5 million pesos a month from sadaqah. Aside from the various revenues that were mentioned above, MILF makes use of the vast land inside its own territory. Camp Abubakar, for instance, as it is about 40 kilometers long, covering several towns from two provinces and spanning about 5,000 hectares, is one to consider for agricultural products. In 1998, a fruit nursery began and was managed by a cooperative of MILF members and supporters with the help of experts from the Central Mindanao Agriculture and Resources Research and Development consortium based in the University of Southern Mindanao. While a solar-powered water pump helps irrigate the swaths of farmland to cultivate the rice, fruit trees, and vegetables, the other hectare nursery are seedlings of durian, lanzones, mangosteen, and rambutan. Concluding remarks: Some individuals and organizations advocate the idea of only liberating Mindanao without giving importance to the system of government that shall be established when victory is achieved. But for the MILF, it advocates beyond liberating our homeland as it focuses more on establishing Islamic Sharia in the region. MILF is now the known strongest and powerful resistance group in Mindanao because of its emphasis on Islam as the ultimate goal. It became a mass-based organization, having mustered to organize millions of people from all walks of life, because of its social justice program. As Jubair commented, the more than 1 million people who attended the 1st Bangsamoro People’s Consultative Assembly â€Å"was the biggest number of Moros ever assembled at one time and in one place by any group, organization, political party or even by the government, in the entire history of the region. † In order to facilitate its main goal, the MILF introduced four-point interrelated and interconnected programs. Islamization program is the most important one as it is the backbone of the organization; strengthening the organization is needed in order to avoid internal problem and to stay focus in moving forward; military-build up is a must to make sure that all the Islamization programs will not be hampered and obstructed by any lawless elements and external intrusion; self-reliant, most especially in financial matter, is equally important to facilitate its programs and activities. As it was mentioned, the MILF wants to establish a parallel government that would cater the needs of the Moro people in which the Manila government tends to ignore or failed to provide. Its camps served as the model of its ideology where, inside of it, Islamic way of life is more or less practiced. It is not just a military barracks but also a community with religious, social, economic, and military structures, with schools, madrasah, mosques, sharia courts, and multi-purpose cooperatives. Therefore, Camp Abubakar is the MILF center of power and authority, the symbol of belligerency status and the Islamic rebellion they are waging. As far as the masses are concerned, there is no doubt that the Moro people lauded the Islamization program introduced by the MILF, most especially the anti-kidnapping and anti-drug trafficking. In fact, even the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) has cooperated with the MILF task force to curb all the syndicate gangs in Mindanao. The clear manifestation of this is the agreement (Joint Communique) of the MILF and the (GRP) on May 7, 2002, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, committing the both sides to jointly isolate and interdict all criminal syndicates and kidnap-for-ransom groups, including the so-called ‘lost commands’ operating in Mindanao and bind the parties for combined actions against criminal elements in order to pursue and apprehend them. This resulted for the drug users and pushers to be minimized, if not completely eradicated. Furthermore, kidnap-for-ransom gangs were isolated and had nowhere to hide. Aside from the obvious approval of the people, perhaps, the most significant effect of this revivalism and Islamization programs is the fact that the idea and thought of the Islamization has been revived and planted to every Bangsamoro individuals. Shortly after Salamat’s death, he was quoted in a speech, â€Å"In Memory of Salamat Hashim,† delivered before the Muslim Youth Organization by Soliman Santos who wrote the book, The Moro Islamic Challenge: This idea (Islamic state) might be viewed as idealistic but I don’t mind. What is important is that I believe in it and it is my duty to work for it and I have offered myself to die for it. Whether it is acceptable now or not does not matter. Because I believe a well-founded and deeply studied concept will not die. Only the proponents will die. Salamat Hashim, being a revolutionary and reformist leader, died never realizing his dream, but his jihad and Islamization programs continue, as now apparent in the current leadership of the MILF. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abreu, Lualhati M. (2005). The Bangsamoro ancestral domain: the Bangsamoro continuing past anchored on customary adat and Islamic thinking. In Kamaruzaman Askandar Ayesah Abubakar (eds. ) The Mindanao conflict. Malaysia: The Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network Publications. Chalk, Peter. (2001). Separatism and Southeast Asia: the Islamic factor in Southern Thailand, Mindanao and Ache. Studies in conflict and terrorism 24. Pp. 241-269. Che Man, W. K. (1990). Muslim separatism: The Moros of southern Philippines and the Malays of southern Thailand. Singapore: Oxford University Press. Church, Peter. (2006). A short history of South-East Asia (4th edn. ). Singapore: John Wiley Sons. Col Cruz, Francisco Jr. (2008, August). Morojihad and the Islamic vision of Ustadz Salamat Hashim: understanding MILF’s politico-religious ideology. Philippine Institute for Political Violence and Terrorism Research, pp. 1-15. Fabros, Dann. (2011, July 30). Lanao del Sur’s golden boy: Hussein Pangandaman makes it to the House by delivering even without making promises. Free Press 102 (31), pp. 11-20. From secession to autonomy: self-government in Southern Philippines. 1980, September 21). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Manila, p. 5. George, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: the rise of Islam in Philippine politics. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. Gowing, Peter Gordon. (1977). Mandate in Moroland: the American government of Muslim Filipinos 1 899-1920. Quezon City: Community Publishers Inc. Halim, Barakat. (1993). The Arab world: society, culture and state. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hashim, Salamat. (1985). The Bangsamoro Mujahid: his objectives and responsibilities. Mindanao: Bangsamoro Publications. Hashim, Salamat. (2004). We must win the struggle. Mindanao: Camp Abubakar. Kulat, Ismael G. (n. d. ). GRP-MILF peace talks: Its implication to the Bangsamoro Struggle for Right to Self-Determination. Cotabato City: Consortium of Bangsamoro Civil Society. Liow, Joseph Chinyong. (2006). Muslim resistance in Southern Thaniland and Southern Philippines: religion, ideology, and politics. East-West center Washington, Policy Studies 24, p. 15. Jubair, Salah. (1999). Bangsamoro: a nation under endless tyranny. Kuala Lumpur: IQ Marin SDN BHD. Majul, Cesar Adib. (1973). Muslims in the Philippines (2nd edn. ). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. McKenna, Thomas M. (1998). Muslim rulers and rebels: everybody politics and armed separatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press. Murad, Al Haj. (2001). Jihad in defense of Islam and the Bangsamoro people. Mindanao: Agency for Youth Affairs. Muslim, Macapado Abaton. (1994). The Moro armed struggle in the Philippines: the nonviolent autonomy alternative. Mindanao State University: University Press and Information Office. Soliman, Santos Jr. M. Santos, Paz Verdades M. (2010). Primed and purposeful: armed groups and human security efforts in the Philippines. Switzerland: Small Arms Survey. Southern Philippines backgrounder: Terrorism and the peace process. (2004, July 13). International Crisis Group, p. 3-5. Taya, Shamsuddin L. (2007). The political strategies of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front for self-determination in the Philippines. Intellectual Discourse 15 (1), pp. 59-84. Vitug, Marites D. Gloria, Glenda M. (2000). Under the crescent moon: Rebellion in Mindanao. Quezon City: Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs. [ 1 ]. Cesar Adib Majul, Muslims in the Philippines, (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2nd ed. , 1973), 2. [ 2 ]. W. K. Che Man, Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand, (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1990), 21. [ 3 ]. Cesar Adib Majul, 4. [ 4 ]. Macapado Abaton Muslim, The Moro Armed Struggle in the Philippines: The Nonviolent Autonomy Alternative, (Mindanao State University: University Press and Information Office, 1994), 48. [ 5 ]. Macapado Abaton Muslim, 49. [ 6 ]. Peter Church, A Short History of South-East Asia, (Singapore: John Wiley Sons, 4th ed. , 2006), 126. [ 7 ]. Salah Jubair, Bangsamoro: A Nation Under Endless Tyranny, (Kuala Lumpur: IQ Marin SDN BHD, 1999), 39-40. [ 8 ]. Salah Jubair, 22. [ 9 ]. Peter Church, 57. [ 10 ]. Peter Gordon Gowing, Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim Filipios 1899-1920, (Quezon City: Community Publishers Inc, 1977), 87. [ 11 ]. T. J. S. George, Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics, (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1980), 57-58. [ 12 ]. W. K. Che Man, 24. [ 13 ]. W. K. Che Man, 25. [ 14 ]. Macapado Abaton Muslim, 62. [ 15 ]. Lualhati M. Abreu, â€Å"The Bangsamoro Ancestral Domain: The Bangsamoro Continuing Past Anchored on Customary Adat and Islamic Thinking† in The Mindanao Conflict, edited by Kamaruzaman Askandar and Ayesah Abubakar (Malaysia: The Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network Publications, 2005), 114-115. [ 16 ]. Dann Fabros, â€Å"Lanao del Sur’s Golden Boy: Hussein Pangandaman Makes it to the House by Delivering even without Making Promises†, Free Press, vol. 102, no. 31 (2011): 11-17. [ 17 ]. Salah Jubair, 132. [ 18 ]. Salah Jubair, p. 132. [ 19 ]. Thomas M. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everybody Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 151-153. [ 20 ]. Cesar Adib Majul, 50. [ 21 ]. Macapado Abaton Muslim, 95. [ 22 ]. Macapado Abaton Muslim, 95-96. [ 23 ]. Macapado Abaton Muslim, 93. [ 24 ]. Ibid. [ 25 ]. Thomas M. McKenna, 156. [ 26 ]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Manila, â€Å"From Secession to Autonomy: Self-Government in Southern Philippines,† 21 September1980, 5. [ 27 ]. Salah Jubair, 156. [ 28 ]. Salamat Hashim, The Bangsamoro Mujahid: His Objectives and Responsibilities, (Mindanao: Bangsamoro Publications, 1985), 4. [ 29 ]. Salamat Hashim, 8-9. [ 30 ]. Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M. Gloria, Under the Crescent Moon: Rebellion in Mindanao, (Quezon City: Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs, 2000), 123. [ 31 ]. International Crisis Group, â€Å"Southern Philippines Backgrounder: Terrorism and the Peace Process†, 13 July 2004, 3. [ 32 ]. Col Francisco Cruz Jr. , â€Å"Morojihad and the Islamic Vision of Ustadz Salamat Hashim: Understanding MILF’s Politico-Religious Ideology†, Philippine Institute for Political Violence and Terrorism Research, (August 2008): 1. [ 33 ]. Col Francisco Cruz Jr. , 7-8. [ 34 ]. Barakat Halim, The Arab World: Society, Culture and State, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 119-147. [ 35 ]. Col Francisco Cruz Jr. , 2. [ 36 ]. Joseph Chinyong Liow, â€Å"Muslim Resistance in Southern Thaniland and Southern Philippines: Religion, Ideology, and Politics†, East-West Center Washington, Policy Studies 24 (2006): 15. [ 37 ]. Salamat Hashim, 1. [ 38 ]. Lualhati M. Abreu, 110. [ 39 ]. Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M. Gloria, 109. [ 40 ]. Ibid. [ 41 ]. Ibid. [ 42 ]. Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M. Gloria, 107. [ 43 ]. Al Haj Murad, Jihad in Defense of Islam and the Bangsamoro People, (Mindanao: Agency for Youth Affairs – MILF, 2006), 46. [ 44 ]. Salamat Hashim, 18-19. [ 45 ]. Salamat Hashim, 24-25. [ 46 ]. Col Francisco Cruz Jr. , 8. [ 47 ]. Peter Chalk, â€Å"Separatism and Southeast Asia: The Islamic Factor in Southern Thailand, Mindanao and Ache†, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, vol. 4 (2001): 241-269. [ 48 ]. Ismael G. Kulat, GRP-MILF peace talks: Its implication to the Bangsamoro Struggle for Right to Self-Determination (Cotabato City: Consortium of Bangsamoro Civil Society, Inc. , n. d. ), 6. [ 49 ]. Joseph Chinyong Liow, 13. [ 50 ]. Ibid. [ 51 ]. Shamsuddin L. Taya, â€Å"The Political Strategies of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front for Self-Determination in the Philippines,† Intellectual Discourse, vol. 15, no. 1 (2007): 66. [ 52 ]. Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M. Gloria, 111-112. [ 53 ]. Salamat Hashim, 12-13. [ 54 ]. Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M. Gloria, 110. [ 55 ]. Salamat Hashim, 41-42. [ 56 ]. Ibid. [ 57 ]. International Crisis Group, 4-5. [ 58 ]. Soliman, M. Santos, Jr. Paz Verdades M. Santos, Primed and Purposeful: Armed Groups and Human Security Efforts in the Philippines, (Switzerland: Small Arms Survey, 2010), 355-356. [ 59 ]. Peter Chalk, 273. [ 60 ]. Soliman, M. Santos, Jr. Paz Verdades M. Santos, 349. [ 61 ]. Soliman, M. Santos, Jr. Paz Verdades M. Santos, 347. [ 62 ]. Col Francisco Cruz Jr. , 10. [ 63 ]. Marites Danguilan Vitug Glenda M. Gloria, 108. [ 64 ]. Ibid. [ 65 ]. Salah Jubair, 187. [ 66 ]. Salamat Hashim, We Must Win the Struggle, (Mindanao: Camp Abubakar, 2004), 13. [ 67 ]. Col Francisco Cruz, Jr. , 13. [ 68 ]. Shamsuddin L. Taya, 63.

Germanys Military power Essays - Permanent Structured Cooperation

Germany's Military power From World War II to today, Germany as always been part of the rising ranks of evolution, whether it would be the country itself or their military structure. Germany as always been neck and neck with the U.S. when it came to militant warfare or technology in general. The Germans pride themselves on a refined militant structure that creates an organizational path that connects one military foundation with another. Giving statistics, Germany' dexterity is definitely built on their militant background. To begin with, Germany's Military structure, just like the United States, is made up of several branches such as the Army(Heer), The Navy (Deutsche Marine), Air Force(Luftwaffe), Central Medical Service ( Zentraler Sanitaesdienst). Given from www.suite101.com (2009), military conscripts must be 18 years of age and as of 2002, must serve a 9-month tour of compulsory service. Germany's military now as rebuilt themselves into an advanced and respected organization with personnel providing worldwide service and training. From www.suite101.com, statistics have shown that the Bundeswehr or the German Federal Armed Forces have a comprising amount of 250, 831 members within the following branches; Army(102,403), Navy(18,140), Air Force(46,436), Central Medical Service (18,942), Military Bases(55-646), and other forces (9,264). As of 2000, (suite101.com, 2009) Germany's military forces have been deployed to Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ethiopia/ Eritrea, Georgia, Horn of Africa/ Indian Ocean , Kosovo, Lebanon , Mediterranean Sea, Sudan. Not only does Germany have a refurbished military force but the technology is also beginning to supersede. From guns and biological warfare to airborne warfare such as new and improved "The Russian MiG-29", which are fighter jets that were produced by the soviet Union. They also have produce CH-53 helicopters that have been deployed to Afghanistan.

How to Make an Audiobook Step-by-Step [With Video]

How to Make an Audiobook Step-by-Step [With Video] How to Make an Audiobook Step-by-Step [With Video] Not having an audiobook version of your book might, quite likely, be the death of your success. Which means you must know how to make an audiobook to fix that.We’re in the age of podcasts, radio apps, and audiobooks, and now couldn’t be a better time to convert your eBook into an audiobook. But many writers get scared off by the thought of creating an audiobook.â€Å"Isn’t it expensive?† â€Å"Won’t it take a ton of time?† â€Å"How do I even do it?!?† Thankfully, self-publishing an audiobook now is as easy as self-publishing your book. It has become cost-effective and approachable for self-published authors, and there is a range of options depending on the budget you want to spend on it.Here are the steps for how to make an audiobook:Prep your book for audiobook recordingDecide who will record itHire an audiobook narratorRecord the audiobook yourselfWork with an audiobook producerCreate the audiobook at homeUpload your audiobook to AC XHere are the exact steps you need to follow, and our suggestions for turning your book into the next big audiobook.

The eNotes Blog Before I Die Communities, Art, Purpose,Reflection

Before I Die Communities, Art, Purpose,Reflection A few years ago, artist Candy Chang lost a good friend. The experience left her thinking a lot about death, what in her life was of value, what she wanted to do while she had time, and with whom she should spend those hours.   While she knew she wanted to define these objectives, Chang says that she struggled to maintain perspective.   She wondered if others felt similarly adrift. Chang noticed that there was an old, abandoned home in her New Orleans neighborhood, a perfect canvas for expression. She, along with a group of friends, painted one side of the home in chalkboard paint and created a Before I die ___________________ stencil: Chang had no idea what to expect. But she and her friends attached little baskets of chalk to the sides and stepped away to wait and see: To Changs great delight and surprise, the very next day,   the wall was bursting with handwritten responses and it kept growing:  Before I die I want to†¦ sing for millions, hold her one more time, eat a salad with an alien, see my daughter graduate,  abandon all insecurities, plant a tree,  straddle the International Date Line,  be completely myself†¦. The project did what Chang had hoped it would do and more. It made her feel connected. It focused her thoughts and attention. Moreover, she came to know her neighbors in unexpected ways which were sometimes comic, sometimes tragic. The project soon had many enthusiastic supporters and requests poured in for more of the Before I Die _______ walls. Chang and her colleagues responded by creating a  toolkit  and the  project site beforeidie.cc  to help people make a wall with their community. You can also download all files for free to remix or create your own stencils. To date, one hundred   Before I Die ___________ walls have been created in over ten languages and in thirty countries.   The Atlantic  calls Before I Die _____________  Ã¢â‚¬Å"One of the most creative community projects ever.†Ã‚   Chang, who has given a popular TED Talk on the project, says:   Each wall is a tribute to living an examined life. Our public spaces are as profound as we allow them to be.  The historian Lewis Mumford once wrote that the origins of society were not just for physical survival but for sacred things that offer â€Å"a more valuable and meaningful kind of life.† At their greatest, our public spaces can nourish our well-being and help us see that we’re not alone as we try to make sense of our lives.  Regularly contemplating death, as Stoics and other philosophers encourage, is a powerful tool to restore perspective and remind us of the things that make our lives meaningful.  Each passerby is another person full of longing, anxiety, fear, and wonder. With more ways to share in public space, the people around us can not only help us make better places, they can help us become our best selves. Here are a few more images from the original New Orleans site. You can visit other walls here.   Follow projects on Facebook or Twitter. What do you want to write?

Free sample - The influence of mass media on the social life.. translation missing

The influence of mass media on the social life.. The influence of mass media on the social life.1. Nowadays it is very hard to overestimate the influence of mass media on the social life. It provides us with big quantity of information- movies, news, informative and educational TV-programs and for sure there is a lot of commercial information- advertising. In order to pick needed information from the flow of differently-oriented information, it is necessary to outline the general principles of its ‘consumption’ and to understand the principles of its work. According to the Stuart Hall â€Å"Encoding and Decoding†, it is possible to say that people get all needed information, especially commercial on the subliminal level. In other words, advertising and propagandistic films influence human mind indirectly, with the help of specially-developed psychological tools. Stuart Hall outlines the four staged theory of communication, which includes the following steps: production, circulation, use and reproduction. [1] According to the â€Å"Encoding and Decoding†, it is possible to outline three following hypothetical reader/viewer positions: first of all, the sender never determines the meaning of the message; secondly, it is very hard to understand the essence of the message for the audience, because the message is not transparent; and finally, the audience is not a passive recipient of meaning[2] According to the Halls concept, it is possible to say that sender never makes a strict determination of the message, because each viewer would make those conclusions, which are supported by his own moral standards and attitude towards some subject matter. In the Ang’s "Dallas and the Ideology of Mass Culture" we have found the following interpretation of mass culture: it makes its great impact on the social, life, while the mass serials like Dallas are widely watched and discussed by wide auditory; some of people like that serial, others do not, but it is still discussed, watched and it does not lose its popularity. It has become being the part of the social life. People live together with the main characters and they are waiting for watching the new episode in order to get the information, concerning the plot development. There is such an attitude towards mass consumption serials: some people feel comfortable and do not consider their life problems, while watching serial, such people live together with their heroes and do not care about their own and global problems. Mass culture serials development allows stage director (or letter-writer) to outline new ideas in the current culture and to create new mass culture – they include into the plot of the serial those issues and aspects, which would make significant influence on the social life: beginning from the fashions and accomplishing with the behaviour ideas. People would follow their beloved characters of serials and in such manner they would be trying to be alike to the serials’ main heroes.[3] According to the David Morley THE NATIONWIDE AUDIENCE, it is possible to make conclusions about the influence of the mass culture on different aspects of human lives. In such manner it is possible to create public opinion the desired way- to involve public opinion polls in order to ‘outline’ the general attitude towards some event. In such manner those people, who are not involved directly into the problematic, would be influenced by such ‘mass’ opinion. That allows preventing panic and at the same case such mass media tools mislead people, concerning current situation in the country.[4] Finally, Jacqueline Bobo has outlined in her THE COLOR PURPLE the possibility of using mass media tool for paying additional attention on the situation (in Jacquelines’ Bobo case - with the racial discrimination.   To conclude, we would like to stress that getting the message from the author means understanding all ideas, which laid the foundations of the movie or serial or advertising. The quality of such message could be measured by the number of those people, who have made conclusions, alike to the authors’ ones.[5] 2. Currently, is possible to outline one of the most powerful cultural moving today- fun clubs. They were developed and created in order to integrate different people with the same attitudes towards life values, towards some popular persons or towards some works of art. These people are usually very friendly and they are integrated by the common idea about development the mass culture tool- promoting, supporting and admiration with some person or group of people. Different actions, participants meetings and future actions consideration are the main directions of the fan clubs activities. To our opinion, it is possible to consider fan clubs as extension of audiences for some cultural activities. In order to prove the above said, we would like to consider the Star Trek fans, who have tried to achieve the social understanding if the homosexual relations and to prevent wide judgement this movement. They have considered the homosexual relations as a normal social event, which should be understood and supported by their society. They have achieved that level with the help of the following tools: they have proclaimed the slogan 'Out of the closet and into the universe’ – tending to be visual and ordinary and by mass national letter-writing campaign organisation. As a result, both these tolls have attracted mass attention towards that issue and that has made its influence of the situation improvement in the whole country. [6] Talking about the Titanic and DiCaprio funs, we would like to pay additional attention that the majority of its fans are young females (more that 60 percents of the general quantity) and their age does not exceed 25 y.o. in majority of cases. Titanic with DiCaprio is the blockbuster, which is based on the real historical events. It concerns such topics as welfare, love and human relations. Also such philosophical issue as the sense of life is outlined indirectly, because it is up to the audience to decide whether hero has made right decision of it would have been better to act another way to prevent such misfortune. The fun clubs have supported the popularity of this movie   for durable period of time and have significantly increased the revenue from its screening - majority of young ladies have watched it for several times- from 2 to 14 and that has attracted additional interest towards that issue from another female representatives of young age. In order to defend the favourite movie from the different negative journalistic and star discourse its fans have marginalized their desires, the fan club representatives have widely involved press into that process and there they have printed different articled, supported with DiCaprio photos and some desired of personal meetings, love and devotion towards main hero of this movie. In such manner young fans have constantly attracted some interest towards the Titanic and they have saved its popularity and the interest towards this movie for a durable period of time. [7] To conclude, we would like to stress that mass media and fun clubs create the populations’ attitude towards some social events, works of art and persons. It is very important to support such movements and to direct their activities into the positive course. Only in such manner it is possible to achieve the highest results and to combine the fan club legal activity and mass culture creation, support and development. Reference list: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ang, Ien. "Dallas and the Ideology of Mass Culture." The Cultural Studies Reader. Ed. Simon During. New York: Routledge, 1993. 403-420. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bobo, Jacqueline (1988 ) Black women's responses to The Colour Purple. Jump Cut, no. 33, Feb. 1988, pp. 43-51 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hall, S. (1973) Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse Birmingham: CCS 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry Jenkins (2001) OUT OF THE CLOSET AND INTO THE UNIVERSE' Queers and Star Trek 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MELANIE NASH AND MARTTI LAHTI (2001) "Utmost Ashamed to Say I am the One of Those Girls " Titanic, Leonardo Dicaprio, and the paradoxes of girls' fandom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morley, David (1980) The 'Nationwide' Audience: Structure and Decoding. London: BFI. ISBN 0-85170-097-7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Procter, James. (2004) Stuart Hall, Routledge critical thinkers.